Distributed Leadership For Learning And Teaching - 1362 Words

Traditionally, leadership had been thought of as a single person that leads or directs a groups or many groups as described in Peter Gronn s article Distributed Leadership as a unit of analysis.† However, according to Gronn, this conventional form of thinking, where one person or unit rules all (â€Å"leadership is basically doing what the leader wants done†) is faulty and ultimately leads to a counterproductive performance from the group as a whole, since everything falls upon one level of responsibility. In addition, he identifies three major chinks in the solo-style leadership model’s armor: the almost-too simplistic dualism of the â€Å"leader-follower† set-up; the exact qualifications of what constitutes a leader and said leaders and†¦show more content†¦It happens most effectively when people at all levels engage in action, accepting leadership in their particular areas of expertise. It requires resources that support and enable collaborative environments together with a flexible approach to space, time and finance which occur as a result of diverse contextual settings in an institution. Through shared and active engagement, distributed leadership can result in the development of leadership capacity to sustain improvements in teaching and learning (Jones, Harvey, Lefoe, Ryland 2013, p.21).† in other words, distributed leadership is the opposite take on the classical model of leadership where individuals can all contribute to the organization under an setting that values equality where all skills, ideas, and effort is appreciated. Although it may appear to sound that the idea of distributed leadership is simply delegating tasks, it is not. Rather, it is the nature of the interconnectedness of the leader(s) and followers in the group that is the core point of the theory. For instance, the most common observed evidence of distributed leaderships’ effectiveness lies within school reforms (Camburn et al. 20 03) and their creation of new leadership positions through hiring coaches and faculty to facilitate the tasks in the schools. Another example is the Command and Control doctrine followed by the United States military. According to U.S. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated

Mobile Phones And Its Impact On The World - 855 Words

PDAs have turned into a need for some individuals all through the world. The capacity to stay in contact with family, business partners, and access to email are just a couple of the explanations behind the expanding significance of mobile phones. Today s actually best in class mobile phones are equipped for accepting and setting telephone calls, as well as putting away information, taking pictures, and can even be utilized as walkie talkies, to give some examples of the accessible choices. At the point when mobile phones were initially acquainted with people in general, they were cumbersome, costly, and some even required a base unit that must be transported alongside the telephone. Great gathering was a noteworthy issue and when all is†¦show more content†¦The extension of the remote specialist co-op industry gives PDA clients a decision and the expanded rivalry has brought about a drop in costs of remote mobile phone benefit. The significance of mobile phones goes path past the capacity to make or get telephone calls. Wireless clients can immediately send information to the home or office, check for essential email, utilize their mobile phone as a PDA or logbook, and store photographs which can be effortlessly exchanged to a PC or Portable PC. Wireless makers have created an extensive variety of mobile phones, which offer at costs that range from extremely modest to more than one thousand dollars. The accessible alternatives give clients the decision of obtaining an essential wireless to utilize basically to make calls, or picking a complex, innovatively propelled mobile phone that can execute the same number of or significantly more undertakings that a home PC. Over the previous decade, the expanding significance of PDAs has made them just about a need for a great many people. Indeed, even remote and immature nations have some entrance to phone innovation and remote administrations. The significance of PDAs has expanded the opposition in the remote specialist co-op industryPsychology Articles, making mobile phones exceptionally moderate and simple to utilize. Phones have gotten to be just about a materialistic trifle notwithstanding the accommodation and security that originates from owning them.Show MoreRelatedMobile Phones And Its Impact On The World1329 Words   |  6 PagesIn the current world people are fascinated with technology. In the 21 are spending an ever increasing amount of time with technology. The latest technology is highlighted by the up to date fascination with the cell phone more so smart phones. These gadgets are used for better or for worse and seems to be encouraging individuals to relatively spend more time with technology and less with their colleague or fellow human beings. 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Through this, business men could see the value of being able to communicate while on the move so they were willing to pay the price and put up with the inconvenience. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated in 1973 by John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper, using a handsetRead MoreHuman Thirst for Mobile Communication in a World of Increasing Social Segregation1167 Words   |  5 Pagesthirst for mobile communication in a world of increasing social segregation    Unlike most technologies, the mobile phone has taken the world by storm. There was a time when it was assumed that only the rich people were those who can afford mobile phones. It is most likely still true, however there is another thought needed for the modern world. People today, wealthy and those even considered poor, have the latest mobile phones. Everyone seems to own not one but even two or three mobile phones at theRead MoreThe Effects Of Mobile Phones On Our Society1176 Words   |  5 Pagesage. 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This essay will trace, in brief, the history of mobile phone technology along with an examination of the social impacts that this technology hasRead MoreShanzhai Phones Essay examples757 Words   |  4 Pagesmitigate the impact of Shanzhais? Characteristics that are critical to the success of shanzhai companies are:- * Fast supply chain:- Since they don’t carry any inventory they transfer the inventory risk to wholesalers thus converting their inventory quickly into fast cash. * Less lead time:- Shanzai took only 45 days for mass production which was considerably less than time taken by the traditional manufacturer. So they can provide maximum variety of mobile phones in minimumRead MoreEssay on Revolutionized Communication: The Cell Phone1612 Words   |  7 PagesRevolutionized Communication: The Cell Phone The emerging technologies of the century have greatly affected how people interact personally and professionally. From 1990 to 2010, mobile phone users grew from 12 million to over 4 billion worldwide; in fact, almost 90 percent of households in America have a mobile phone (Wortham). The creation of the mobile phone marked a new era for America and the world. Phones have evolved from the â€Å"bag phone† to the BlackBerry, and will forever change the way aRead MoreTaking a Look at Mobile Technolgy712 Words   |  3 PagesMobile technology is the technology people use it all the time in their everyday life. In the early nineteenth century there were only rotary phones which are lot bigger than cell phone we have it now a days. Not everybody had rotary phone because if we look at their time history, having a phone meant a lot back at that time. After cellphone came in life became a lot easier. Now a day everybody have phone including children’s and senior citizens as wel l. After years of research and experiment, cellphones

Lawrence’s Use of Time in Sons and Lovers Free Essays

Examine the author’s handling of time. The use of time by the author is an important component of prose, as it provides the framework for the entire novel by manipulating the themes and characters by the use of techniques such a setting and narration. Sons and Lovers is set in the early 1900’s during the second industrial revolution in a small mining town in England. We will write a custom essay sample on Lawrence’s Use of Time in Sons and Lovers or any similar topic only for you Order Now By choosing this time period and place, Lawrence isolates the themes to be addressed, as well as provides context for the relationships, occurrences and behaviour in the novel. The activity of coal mining is an important one in the book as it provides income for the Morels as well as many major problems. This reflects the views of Lawrence who grew up in a similar situation and explains his interest in the theme of industrialisation and its impact on individuals. Lawrence, as a writer of the Romantic Movement great opposed industrialisation as he believed it severed the bond with nature and ruined relationships between persons. These views are evident in his writing as we can see the impact of Morel’s job as a coal miner on his family; this represents the situation in many households during the period. This also explains the emphasised relationships that many main characters have with nature such as Paul, Miriam and Mrs. Morel. This relationship represents their spirituality and their escape from industrialisation, especially so by Mrs. Morel’s refusal to let her children work in the mines as she believes it will dehumanise them, as it did her husband. The use of nature imagery, pathetic fallacy and the accentuated description of nature throughout the novel highlight Lawrence’s own sentiment toward nature. This theme is one characteristic of the era and is only able be addressed because of Lawrence’s choice in setting. The narration and structure are other techniques use to influence time. Sons and Lovers a semi-autobiographical, psychological novel that addresses the relationship between a mother and her son and the psychological consequences of this relationship. Lawrence purposefully arranges his novel in chronological order so as to trace the development of the characters throughout the years. This technique allows a change in protagonist, from Mrs. Morel to her son Paul. This change is necessary to highlight the mother-son relationship and its growth and development throughout the years as well as their relationships with other characters. When we are first introduced to Mrs. Morel, she had been married for eight years. Lawrence uses flashback to briefly explore her relationship with her father as well as illustrate her first meeting and eventual marriage to Morel. Here he establishes the theme of parent-child relationships and their effect on romantic love in the novel and provides necessary information the reader needs to understand Mrs. Morel’s behaviour. The use of a chronological sequence also functions to increase the reader interest as it keeps them curious to the outcome of events and the resolution of conflicts between the characters. Although the book is chronologically sequenced, the events are not evenly spaced. Lawrence carefully chooses events that are of importance to the development of his characters rather than simply narrate their day to day activities. This allows the reader to observe the changes in relationships in a concise manner, such as the deterioration of the Morels’ relationship and the events that led to it. We are able to see how Morel cutting William’s hair and locking Mrs. Morel out affected their relationship and caused her to depend on her children’s affection rather than her husband’s. The transfer of affection from William to Paul after William’s death is also made evident. Paul’s growth and development into adolescence and the increased possessiveness his mother as a result of his relationship of Miriam is also a key occurrence. This manipulation of time serves to keep the audience interested rather than overwhelm them with monotonous details as well as highlights only key events in the life of the Morels so as to ensure readers are made aware of the themes that Lawrence wishes to highlight, especially those dealing love and relationships. Lawrence’s deliberate manipulation of time serves to effectively depict the themes he wished to address, such as industrialisation, family and romantic relationship through the use of setting, sequencing and structure in a timeless way that still continues to engage audiences. How to cite Lawrence’s Use of Time in Sons and Lovers, Essays

Supply Chain Strategies of Ergon Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Strategies of Ergon. Answer: Introduction Electricity is the utmost need of common people and the different other architectural bodies. Numerous state or centre owned companies are engaged in the business of supplying the required electricity. It appears quite simpler in its mentioned objective; however, the operation is complex. The complexity is because of many reasons such as the production of power and energy, local state government policies, the supply chain operations etc. The production of power electricity happens through either renewable or non-renewable resource of energy. Majority of production have its resource in non-renewable form of energy, which is itself associated with sustainability issues. Furthermore, non-renewable resources produce CO2 emission in high numbers, which has already threatened the peacefulness of environment (Francey et al., 2013). Various local and state government rules policies also play a very important role in the electricity supply system. They set the pricing for per unit of elect ricity, which is compulsory for different electricity supplying companies. Despite all the challenges, the supply chain operation in particular is challenging for companies of any industry (Expsito et al., 2016). The chosen organisation for this assignment is the Ergon Energy, which is a subsidiary company of Energy Queensland Limited (EQL). The particular company is responsible for supplying electricity to entire Queensland except the South East part of the state. They are conducting a giant business, which is evident in a fact that they supply electricity to approximately 700,000 customers across the state. Australian Energy Regulator (AER) governs the distribution network that it uses to supply the electricity (Ergon Energy, 2017). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyse in brief that how Ergon Energy supplies electricity to a large numbers of customers across Queensland. This would also find the relevance of resource based theory with the business operation of the chos en company. Moreover, sustainability of the business would also be checked in the light of the chosen model. Overview of the selected business Ergon Energy is a subsidiary company of Energy Queensland Limited (EQL), which is now operating business in two formats such as in distributing the electricity and retailing it to various consumers. Ergon Energy Corporation Limited conducts the distribution of electricity whereas Ergon Energy Queensland Pty Ltd. carries the retailing business. The retailing is done in the pricing standard set by the Queenslands government. They have integrated 150,000 kilometres of power lines and a million of power poles. This is the way they transfer electricity to their customers home. It has also owned 33 standalone power stations across the state to supply electricity to communities those are disconnected from the main electricity grid. Ergon Energy is an innovative company that believe in collaborating with different specialist to introduce various new services. Some of those innovations are popularising use of more solar PV systems, managing both commercial residential energy and enriching th e benefits of EVs. Moreover, they are trying to popularise the presence of Electric Vehicles in Queensland with their innovative thoughts such as providing healthy network coverage to ensure hassle free charging of batteries (Ergon Energy, 2017). Value chain operation Figure 1: Value Chain Operation of Ergon Energy (Source: Lucas, Silva Neto, 2012) Value chain operation is one of the most complex tasks, which very few companies have made this easier with the use of their strategic planning (Gereffi Fernandez-Stark, 2016). Ergon Energy operates its business in two formats such as retail and network. The first part of the value chain is the inbound logistic, which in this regard is the reception and production of electricity. They are providing Solar Power energy to their customers. Like many other companies, they are also responsible for polluting the environment. The resource of producing the solar energy is non-renewable energy resources. It causes the emission of green house gases. It also pollutes the environment with the diesel that they import (Liu et al., 2012). To enhance their business sustainability and to enhance their efficiency in supply chain, Ergon has started building up many solar power stations at different locations. Some of those solar stations are such as Doomadgee, Windorah, Birdsville and Thursday Island. They supply the solar PVs to their customers through retailing. They are also supplying batteries for EVs. The distribution of the product or service happens through two modes such as through retailing and through online portal. Ergon does not only provide solutions to their requirements but they also install the Solar PVs on the customers premise (Abeygunawardana Ledwich, 2013). The human resource department of the company is very efficient as well. It has identified the requirement of innovative things for a sustained business. This is why they welcome partnership working to adopt various new innovative thoughts and produce something new to their end users. The efficient thinking of the companys HRM has encouraged them to adopt the highest standard of technology to produce advanced solar PVs that emits less CO2. Additionally, the dynamic workforce of the company has used the technology to the perfection to provide a friendly environment for EVs. Electric Vehicles itself are a fr iendly aspect for the environment (Yu Halog, 2015). Linkages between business operations and chosen model Figure 2: Resource Based Theory (Source: Barney, 2012) Resource based theory is a very effective theoretical model that helps in identifying the firms capabilities for a sustained business in future. It constructs the identification process in four steps such as available resources, capabilities, competitive advantage and strategy. The resources that are available to Ergon Energy have placed them in the list of few companies, which have connected their relationship well with the customers. They are one of the leading suppliers of Solar PVs in the Queensland state. As far as capabilities are concerned, they have already proved this with their innovative strategies. The resources that they have, can help them add new chapters in their success history. They started with Solar PVs; however, they have now reached to supplying batteries and recharge network coverage to EVs. Electric Vehicles, which are the future of car industry lacked in recharging related issue. The recharge points are usually available in city areas; however, it lacked in i ts presence in the rural areas. The use of technology has encouraged the company for innovative thoughts and they have planned to support the EVs by setting up maximum numbers of recharge points across the Queensland state. They have enhanced their competitiveness by touching the EVs as their future prospect. The last stage of the resource-based theory is the identification of strategy, which the Ergon Energy uses. The existing strategy has enabled them reach to thousands of customers. It has also helped them innovate with new concepts such as setting up recharge stations at numerous locations for EVs. However, they have a challenge to prove their worth in attaining the state of sustainability. The diesel imported to them produces CO2 after combustion. Moreover, CO2 has become a challenging task ahead of the entire business. They need some strategies for filling up the gaps identified in their existing strategies. Sustainability can only be proved if they control the emission of CO2 (Hitt, Xu Carnes, 2016). Sustainability within the selected business model Figure 3: CO2 Emission from Different Energy Resources (Source: Shao et al., 2014) The selected business model is Resource Based Theory, which helped to identify the gaps in the existing strategy of Ergon Energy. However, sustainability is a challenge to Ergon Energy Company. The electricity is still produced in large numbers from coal and gas. It is difficult to imagine the reduction of CO2 in such case. Use of natural resources can only help in reduce the emission of CO2. Natural resources such as water, solar, ocean wave, air wind and biogas are some resources that can produce electricity. Ergon Energy should look for the most feasible ways as shifting to these resources would require huge investment. These are productive resources to reduce the increasing ratio of carbon emission. Recommendations can only prove their worth for the company if the company has also identified the importance of natural resources. Electric Cars, which according to the company is a good prospect for reducing the content of CO2 from air. However, it is itself associated with carbon em ission. The charging socket use coal as a resource to generate the required electricity in it, which itself is highly responsible for the incrementing emission of CO2 (Sen Bhattacharyya, 2014). Strategy has been identified for the company. They must invest high in generating powers from natural resources. Conclusion Ergon Energy is one of few names in the energy industry in Australia, which has continued the use of innovative ideas to produce something new to the community. They have already left a resonant impact of their name by offering the Solar PVs. They further advanced by committing the installation of recharge points for EVs. However, the commitment would require some serious steps taken from the management, which would be in the form of making a huge investment on generating electricity from renewable energy resources. They have proven track in the HRM practice as well as in technological advancement. However, it needs more than this to prove their strategy a worth for the company Reference Abeygunawardana, A. A. K., Ledwich, G. (2013, July). Estimating benefits of energy storage for aggregate storage applications in electricity distribution networks in Queensland. InPower and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013 IEEE(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory.Journal of supply chain management,48(2), 3-6. Ergon Energy. (2017).Ergon Energy. [online] Available at: https://www.ergon.com.au/ [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Expsito, A. G., Gomez-Exposito, A., Conejo, A. J., Canizares, C. (Eds.). (2016).Electric energy systems: analysis and operation. CRC Press. Francey, R. J., Trudinger, C. M., Van Der Schoot, M., Law, R. M., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., ... Rdenbeck, C. (2013). Atmospheric verification of anthropogenic CO2 emission trends.Nature Climate Change,3(5), 520. Gereffi, G., Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016). Global value chain analysis: a primer. Hitt, M. A., Xu, K., Carnes, C. M. (2016). Resource based theory in operations management research.Journal of Operations Management,41, 77-94. Liu, G., Rasul, M. G., Amanullah, M. T. O., Khan, M. M. K. (2012). Simulation and optimization of residential grid-connected PV system in Queensland, Australia. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 347, pp. 715-724). Trans Tech Publications. Lucas, A., Silva, C. A., Neto, R. C. (2012). Life cycle analysis of energy supply infrastructure for conventional and electric vehicles.Energy Policy,41, 537-547. Sen, R., Bhattacharyya, S. C. (2014). Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of HOMER.Renewable Energy,62, 388-398. Shao, C., Guan, Y., Wan, Z., Guo, C., Chu, C., Ju, M. (2014). Performance and decomposition analyses of carbon emissions from industrial energy consumption in Tianjin, China.Journal of cleaner production,64, 590-601. Yu, M., Halog, A. (2015). Solar photovoltaic development in Australiaa life cycle sustainability assessment study.Sustainability,7(2), 1213-1247.

The And The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay Example For Students

The And The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay Equality is defined as being equal in means of status, rights, and opportunities. Inequality is mostly seen between the sexes, races, and also for graffiti artist. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† Although these rights remain unalienable, today’s society has become an unjust and unequal one which places people at the top based upon certain characteristics; such as sex, race, or even wealth. We have a statement of this â€Å"scale of unfairness† on our very street. We will write a custom essay on The And The Pursuit Of Happiness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The art depicts two scales on one side is the male sex symbol outweighing the female sex symbol which is located on the other side. You see this work of art downtown on Tejon Street. The majority of the Colorado Springs population, white males, are in uproar about this horrific â€Å"graffiti† that taints our town and corrupts our streets. It is our duty as a community, despite opposition, to keep this art work as a reflection of today’s unbalanced society and that we must change the unequal circumstances that women have to face be it in the workforces or just opportunity wise. The term graffiti it is described as writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place. Due to this definition, most people automatically combine graffiti with illegal activity. Therefore, it is considered an illicit or illegal activity simply it is done in a public space. Graffiti it is misunderstood and misrepresented by the media; they twist it into vandalism and call it a gateway into other crimes. How can art be a gateway into stealing and murdering? Society just want. .he is a woman. Infanticide, the killing of female babies, is still predominant in areas all over the world. Mothers rid themselves of girl children so that they don’t have to worry about dishonor or providing a dowry. This killing of females is also represented in the art. This artwork should remain on Tejon Street as a reminder as how far we have come as women and how we have much work ahead of us in order to get true equality. This masterpiece not only depicts the struggle of equality between the sexes, but also the struggle of street artists trying to be taken seriously as the real innovative composers they truly are. Therefore for the growth of our community as a whole we need to keep this up to start the change in the inequality of the sexes. As we progress to true equality we create a more equal word, and a more equal world creates more opportunities for all.

Requirements to be a US Senator

Requirements to be a US Senator Requirements to be a U.S. Senator are established in Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution.  The Senate is the United States higher legislative chamber (the House of Representatives being the lower chamber), containing 100 members. If you have dreams of becoming one of the two senators who represent each state for six-year terms, you might want to check the Constitution first. The guiding document for our government specifically spells out the requirements to be a senator. Individuals must be: At least 30 years oldA U.S. citizen for at least nine years at the time of election to the SenateA resident of the state one is elected to represent in the Senate Similar to those for being a U.S. Representative, the Constitutional requirements for being a Senator focus on age, U.S. citizenship, and residency. In addition, the post-Civil War Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits any person who has taken any federal or state oath swearing to support the Constitution, but later took part in a rebellion or otherwise aided any enemy of the U.S. from serving in the House or Senate. These are the only requirements for the office that are specified in Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution, which reads, No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. Unlike U.S. Representatives, who represent the people of specific geographic districts within their states, U.S. Senators represent all of the people in their states. Senate vs. House Requirements Why are these requirements for serving in the Senate more restrictive than those for serving the House of Representatives? In the 1787 Constitutional Convention, delegates looked to British law in setting age, citizenship, and residency or â€Å"inhabitancy† qualifications for senators and representatives, but voted not to adopt proposed religion and property ownership requirements. Age The delegates debated the minimum age for senators after they had set the age for representatives at 25. Without debate, the delegates voted to set the minimum age for senators at 30. James Madison justified the higher age in Federalist No. 62, stating the due to the more impactful nature of the â€Å"senatorial trust,† a â€Å"greater extent of information and stability of character,† was needed for senators than for representatives. Interestingly, English law at the time set the minimum age for members of the House of Commons, the lower chamber of Parliament, at 21, and at 25 for members of the upper house, the House of Lords. Citizenship English law in 1787 strictly prohibited any person not born in â€Å"the kingdoms of England, Scotland, or Ireland† from serving in either chamber of Parliament. While some delegates might have favored such a blanket ban for the U.S. Congress, none of them proposed it. An early proposal by Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania included a 14-year U.S. citizenship requirement for senators. However, the delegation voted against Morris’ proposal, voting instead for the current 9-year period, two years longer than the 7-year minimum they had earlier adopted for the House of Representatives. Notes from the convention indicate that the delegates considered the 9-year requirement to be a compromise â€Å"between a total exclusion of adopted citizens† and an â€Å"indiscriminate and hasty admission of them.† Residency Recognizing the fact that many American citizens may have lived abroad for some time, the delegates felt a minimum U.S. residency, or â€Å"inhabitancy† requirement should apply to the members of Congress. While England’ Parliament had repealed such residency rules in 1774, none of the delegates spoke for such rules for Congress. As a result, the delegates voted to require that members of the both the House and Senate be inhabitants of the states from which they were elected but placed no minimum time periods limits on the requirement. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer and a former copy editor for The Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper. Updated by Robert Longley

The Emerging Forms of Media vs. Traditional Forms Research Paper

The Emerging Forms of Media vs. Traditional Forms - Research Paper Example The primary role of media is to deliver accurate news to the public. This research paper analyzes the ways media is using nowadays to present the news to the people and suggests that it must not be influenced by any person, group, organization or institution. It also discusses the critical role of the modern media because it has a social responsibility to society. Based on guidelines that were discussed in the essay, it is researcher’s belief that the lead story should be the closure of the city parks for three days in a week. It is of utmost importance because it has an actual impact on the lives of the people. The information must be disseminated to the other members of the community who may not be aware of it. Modern media should also project an admirable image for the television network, that it is not so much concerned with the ratings but rather it is more concerned with issues that are relevant to the welfare of the people and society. Media delivery has evolved in vari ous forms. It is no longer confined to newspapers, magazines, television or radio. The continuous development in information technology paved the way to other forms of media delivery like the internet, electronic computer games, etc. The researcher also analyzes impacts and effects of computer games not only on children, their lifestyle and their health, but also discusses some studies that revealed that violent video games promote aggressive behavior, vengeance and decreases social interaction as well.

Technology paper ( mouse) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology paper ( mouse) - Essay Example Introduction Technological revolution and the use of computers systems have transformed human perception to almost all operations and tasks. Living in the midst of technological harbor, several changes have been envisaged with the use of computer application, which transforms the society into a digital hub leading to sustainable economy. The use of computer systems has facilitated management, communication, data processing and information security but all these has been made even much easier with an aid of a computer mouse, which is classified as a computer point and draw device [Salvendy,2001,p. 36]. The mouse innovation According to SpringerLink, 2011, p. [1236], the earliest forms of computers such as the electronic numerical integrators or the main frames never used the mouse technology. This is because their applications were based on command prompt, which only required typing in commands to execute an instruction. However, with the introduction of windows in 1985, a mouse was d eveloped to assist in the maneuvering around the computer different applications. A mouse sizeable enough to fit the palm is made up of two buttons left and right with a trackball at the bottom. It is meant to detect two dimensional motions relative to the supporting surface. The mouse is meant to be physically beneath the palm with the two fingers resting on the buttons respectively. When the device moves on a surface, the user gets into a position to track, drag select and move files, icons or even folders. Moreover, a mouse allows the user to draw images and navigate almost all applications within a computer system. The first mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1968 after completing his research concerning studies about the human interpretation with computers. However, the official launch of this invention was put into public at Xerox Paulo research center in 1970 [SpringerLink, 2011.p. 1236]. Classifications of mouse Since the introduction of mouse into the market, there have been several classifications based on technology, mode of operation and usage. The most common type of mouse in the market includes: Mechanical mouse This type of mouse uses a ball to move the cursor on the surface of the screen. In order to enjoy the best efficacies, a flat pad would be needed to enable the rubber ball which is contained beneath to roll easily. The rolling ball would triggers the movement of the cursor on to the surface, which further translates into information understood by the computer system [SpringerLink, 2011, p 1236]. Optical mouse Optical mouse uses the sense of lesser rays to help detect the mouse movement in line with the arranged pixels on the surface where the movement is being made. The optical mouse uses red light emitting diode (LED) sensor to induce movement on the surfaces and send signals into the computer for interpretations. The red light emitting diode (LED) bounces the light off the surface onto the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). This mouse offers, the most effective speed and can be used in almost all surfaces [SpringerLink, 2011, p. 1236]. Wireless mouse This type of mouse usually comes up with additional dongle that are attached to the USB ports. The mouse itself contains a Bluetooth transmitter, which sends signal to the dongle acting as the Bluetooth receiver. The signals would then be interpreted by the computer

Pre-contact ways of life, changes during contact, and colonialism Essay

Pre-contact ways of life, changes during contact, and colonialism - Essay Example Plus the veracity that until of late, non-indigenous academics made a substandard work of projecting what the statistics might have been for native peoples before contact. Crucial attempts at identifying these figures were first made in the late 19th and early in the 20th centuries, only as the scientific examination of natives was starting. Across Canada in the early decades of 20th century, government survey numbers for profile Indians put them at just somewhat more than 100,000. This on the other hand seemed logical to the anthropologist and others attempting to compute pre-contact population. Understanding what they did about current levels of population reduction, to project that the figures earlier had been two and three-times what they were in their recent time. The later decades of the 20th century, academics projects have increased progressively, stimulated in specific by an expanding acknowledgement that the figures of deaths as a result of European ill-nesses, specifically in the southern hemisphere, was enormous. Additional proof of originally high native populations has also emanated from the progressive improvement of archaeology, which shows both human occupancy of northern North American took place earlier than once imagined and that pre-contact population were elevated than originally computed. Academics now presume with fair sum of confidence that the transience level of the natives of the western hemisphere between first contacts and the latter 29th century was high as 90% or 95% (Sturm, 2012). At the modern time, projects of sum native populations throughout Canada vary up to 1 million, and there are yet deduces that has placed the figures at as much as 2 million. In this respect, all such projections must be utilized with vigilance; however, what is succinct is that there were large figures of native inhabitant across the western hemisphere, as well as European and European American and Canada. In the pre-contact epoch, native populations w ere scattered unequally throughout the Canadian terrain, population concentration ranging according to the potential of the lands to support human life. Throughout the northern territories, Arctic expanses expanding from Labrador to the Beaufort Sea were a sequence of Inuit natives. These indigenous locals were the most modern migrants from Asia, penetrating into North America from Siberia approximately five-thousand years before and progressively scattering the continent from Greenland to Alaska and Siberia. Inside of Canada, the Labrador Inuit had settled along Labrador cost to Hudson Bay; only a little arrangements on the southern part of Baffin Island were found (Oswalt, 2002). A number of Algonquian cohorts who relied upon chiefly hunting, gathering, fishing, and trading were found within the territories of south of the Labrador Inuit. Beothuk who

Achievement Goal Theory

Achievement Goal Theory Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls, 1984, 1989) proposes that goal orientations are developed and altered through various socialization processes, including the motivational climate created by parents and coaches (Nicholls, 1989). In order to better understand the influence of motivational climates, it is necessary to understand the concept of the achievement goal theory (Dweck Leggett, 1988). Achievement goals have been widely researched by Maehr (1980), Nicholls (1984) and Dweck (1986), who have worked individually, but also collaboratively, in an attempt to explain achievement behaviour within sport settings. As Duda (2001) and Nicholls (1984) demonstrated; whether a goal orientation is seen to have adaptive or maladaptive outcomes, will depend on the ability perceptions of the individual. Ames (1984, 1992) supported this idea, discovering that through a parents reaction to their childs performance, children will learn what is valued and preferred. Ultimately, this preference will then be reflected in a childs goal orientation and attitudes towards sport and exercise. In addition, when measuring this Ames (1992) commented that it is the childs interpretation of the parental influence rather than the actual behaviour that is deemed most important. Dweck (1986) proposed goal orientation as a defining feature of motivation. Task and ego orientated performers differ, as different behaviours will need to be adopted for each goal orientation and each environment within which the individual performs. Bartlett, Gratton and Rolf, (2006) agreed that a task orientated performer believes that participation in the activity leads to enhanced feelings of mastery, enjoyment, satisfaction and interest. In contrast, performers can be described as ego orientated. Smith, Balaguer and Duda, (2006) viewed this as the tendency to judge ones ability with respect to the performance of others and to tie subjective success to the demonstration of superior ability. Biddle et al. (2003, p. 11) hypothesized that, As a result of childhood socialization experiences, individuals goal orientations are expected to be consistent with the perceived goal orientations held by significant others, such as parents or coaches. Therefore, the following study will examine a childs perceptions of the motivational climate created by their parents and illustrate the relationship that this has with a childs attitudes towards sport and exercise participation. Perceived Motivational Climate Recently, research has addressed the contention that parents create a motivational climate that influences their childrens achievement motivation (Duda and Hall, 2000; Weigand, 1994; White, 1998). The motivational climate is created through a set of behaviours (e.g. rewards, punishment and feedback) from either parents or coaches (Ames, 1992). Similar to the structure of achievement goals, motivational climates can be either task or ego involving. Research suggests that promoting a task climate is related to greater satisfaction (Walling, Duda, Chi, 1993) and enjoyment (Seifriz, Duda, Chi, 1992); whereas promoting an ego climate is related to performance worry (Walling, Duda, Chi, 1993), and low self-efficacy (Nicholls,1989). In order to better understand an athletes socialisation experiences and the way in which these will influence their attitudes towards sport and exercise; it is appropriate to examine the motivational climate created by significant others (Elliot and Dweck, 2005). As well as coaches and peers, parents have an important role to play in understanding their childs motives for involvement in sport; and ensuring that they are supported, by creating the optimal motivational climate (Maffulli, 2001). Horn (2008) developed this idea further, commenting that, no role is more important than establishing the psychological climate in which the childs sports participation will take place. You have not included Epsteins TARGET research which underpins motivational climate research. By giving certain rewards, making explicit expectations and identifying the importance of a particular event or competition, significant others structure the sport context so that it becomes task or ego involving (Lee, 1993). This goal structure created by the adult establishes a motivational climate, whereby the development of one goal perspective takes priority over the other (Nicholls, 1989; Roberts, 1992). The motivational climate that is created will vary depending on the parents view of sport; and ultimately, their dispositional goal orientation. For instance, parents supporting a highly competitive goal orientation, identified winning and being better than other children as most important; whereas parents endorsing less competitive orientated goals placed greater emphasis on their child focusing on getting on with others and being accepted as part of the team (Lee, 1993). Resultantly, if emphasis is placed on effort, improvement, and self-referenced goals, then a mastery clima te develops. In contrast, if emphasis is placed on social comparison, winning competitions, and other-referenced goals, then a performance climate develops. As parents are the most critical social influence on childrens development, it is likely that goal orientations are made clear through parents encouraging and rewarding certain actions and involvement in certain activities (Weigand et al., 2001). Previous studies have examined perceptions of the motivational climate initiated by the coach (e.g. Newton Duda, 1997; Seifriz et al, 1992; Treasure Roberts, 1997). The results from these investigations have supported the categorisation of motivation into two distinct climates-being, a task-involving and an ego-involving climate. Include sentence here clarifying task-involving is mastery climate and ego-involving is performance climate and be consistent in your use of terms. Further work in this field has also demonstrated the link between such climates with an individuals adaptive or maladaptive motivational patterns. This is an interesting area of study as the adoption of an adaptive or maladaptive motivational attitude will influence the chosen goal orientation that the child will work under. Current research has reflected that perceptions of a mastery climate are linked with high task orientation, whereas perceptions of a performance climate are associated with high ego orienta tion. Socialisation an influential construct? Socialisation is a two way interactive social process whereby individuals are exposed to significant forms of information regarding expectations within a particular setting (Bandura, 1977; Greendorfer 1993; Weiss and Glenn, 1992). For instance, parents may encourage their children to partake in a wide variety of sporting activities; in order to emphasize their belief that making friends during childhood is important, and also to stay fit and healthy you must exercise often. In contrast, other parents who are more ego-orientated driven will expect their child to excel within the activity; sometimes adopting a win-at-all costs attitude. Parents are considered to be the most influential social agent in a young childs life as children spend most of their time within the family unit during early childhood; and parents are usually the ones who will introduce their children into sport and enrol them into sport programmes (Green and Chalip, 1998; Greendorfer, Lewko and Rosengreen, 1996). It is also predicted that during the early years, parents are likely to be present at their childrens games and sport fixtures; therefore giving them ample opportunity to express their values and beliefs of sport to their children (Scanlan, 1996). Horn (2004) also demonstrates that before 10 years of age, children regard the feedback and judgements regarding their abilities given from parents, as imperative to their development and progress. However, when they reach the teenage years, children rely more on the feedback given and believes demonstrated by their peers and coaches; now meaning that parents are more likely to support their chi ldren with regards to transport and the financial needs of participation (Cote, 1999). This shift in primary sporting influence from parents to coaches and peers, when a child enters their teenage years (Hellstedt, 1995) . This can sometimes increase the chances of a coach-parent conflict but can also confuse the child in who they are supposed to take primary notice of. Treasure and Roberts (1995) have shown that physical activity and a childs choices towards sports participation are not only influenced by their dispositional goal orientations (e.g. task and ego goals), but also by the actions, beliefs and attitudes from powerful social agents (e.g. coaches, parents and peers). The process of socialisation is powerful in demonstrating parents beliefs to their child; since, as individuals mature they come to define their own set of values, therefore making a greater number of independent decisions (Dixon, Warner and Bruening, 2008). With this knowledge, it is appropriate to assume that socialisation is most influential during the earlier stages of a childs lifetime (Dixon, Warner and Bruening, 2008). Laursen and Hartup (2002) supported this finding, commenting that, as children enter late childhood (10-12 years); they extend and mature their social relationships with friends, peers and non-family members. One particular study concept that has been of great use when explaining the process of socialisation is the expectancy-value model (Eccles et al., 1983; Eccles Harold, 1991; Fredricks Eccles, 2002, 2004). This model does not address the longevity of parental impact as the model has been solely developed and tested for the study of childrens (rather than adolescents or adults) lives. Therefore, this research project will provide a retrospective account of the impact of parental influence on a childs sport involvement. This reflective process will allow findings to be gathered from when the participant first started experiencing parental influence, up until the present day. Conducting a retrospective study may also provide the researcher with the opportunity to predict a time or age range where parental encouragement is no longer influential, as many scholars argue that the effects of parental socialisation are centred in early childhood (ages 5-12) (Warner and Bruening, 2008). Warner and Bruening (2008) concluded that further research should examine an adults perspective of their parents impact on their sport beliefs, values and participation. The authors maintained that such a study would add value to the literature on parent socialisation. This supports the proposals for the current study, whereby opinions and perceptions will be taken from an adult-childs perspective. Social Agents The Parents / Parent-child interactions Researchers have identified parents as the most critical sport socialization agent for children (Brustad and Partridge, 2002). The majority of research surrounding the parent-created motivational climate has been completed by White (1996, 1998). White Duda (1993) produced a modification of the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PIMCQ; ) (White, Duda Hart, 1992), named the PIMCQ-2. This 36-item questionnaire records sport and exercise participants perceptions of the motivational climate created by first their mother, and secondly their father. Subscales question the learning and enjoyment climate, worry-conductive climate and a success-without-effort climate (Jowett Lavallee, 2007). Of the 36 total items, 18 refer to the mother-created motivational climate and 18 items target the father created motivational climate (Lavoi and Stellino, 2008). MORE ABOUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND STRENGTHS / WEAKNESSES HERE.? yes Researchers (Horn and Weiss, 1991; Brustad, 1996) have suggested that, as a function of cognitive development, youngsters rely most heavily on parental and significant adult feedback to judge personal competency. A large proportion of time in childhood is also spent in the familial context, and children normally have not yet developed firm social contacts outside the family unit (Brustad, 1996). However, with expanding social experiences, cognitive maturation, and improved social skills, children and adolescents spend an increasing amount of time in peer group company, resulting in an increasing reliance on peers to evaluate competence (Horn and Weiss, 1991). Parents possess a great deal of power when expressing their beliefs, enabling them to sway and alter a youngsters choices by either providing encouragement by a means of transportation to and from sporting venues or by educating the child of the values associated with sport and physical activity. It is these powerful social processes whereby values and norms are transmitted and taught, with the hope that they will then be adopted by the child, which highlights the importance of the process of socialisation (Bandura, 1977; Greendorfer, 1993; Weiss Glenn, 1992). Dixon, Warner and Bruening (2008) suggested that in order to determine what attracts children into sport and influences their choices within this domain, the socialisation experiences that youngsters have need to be studied. Thus, an investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of parental influence on womens sport involvement. This study focused primarily on the process of socialisation, using the expectancy-value model to demonstrate their findings (Fredricks Eccles, 2002, 2004). Results revealed that parents have the most direct impact upon socialisation when a child is young, however this influential power is then passed onto teachers and coaches during the adolescent stage of a childs development (Anderssen, Wold, Torsheim, 2006). Few studies have examined the childs perception of parental beliefs (White, 1996), therefore the current study will focus on the perception of the motivational attitudes and climates that parents create. White (1998) supported this, identifying that it is the perception of a situation or set of behaviours that is more important than the actual situation or behaviour itself. For example, Duda and Hom (1993) examined the perceived and self-reported goal orientations of young athletes and their parents. Results revealed that children who were higher in task orientation, as opposed to ego orientation, perceived their significant parent to be higher in task orientation. In contrast, those children higher in ego orientation, as opposed to task orientation, perceived their significant parent to also be higher in ego orientation. Weigand (1994) found similar results, in a study of children and adolescents in a variety of youth sports. Results revealed that males, more than females, were sign ificantly more ego than task oriented, perceived both parents to endorse more ego than task involvement, and perceived fathers affective pressure in sport and importance of sport (e.g. pressure to win), to be higher. Parental influence can have a dramatic effect on ones choices towards sports participation (Fredricks and Eccles, 2002). Past investigations have examined the influence significant others have on children involved in sport and have identified parents as being the most influential (Kelly, 1974; Snyder, 1978). Recent research has also concluded that parental beliefs are consistently related to young adults goal orientations (White, Kavussanu, Tank Wingate, 2004). Dixon et al (2008) examined parental influence on womens lifetime sport involvement. Semi structured interviews were used to study socialisation and participation over time. Findings revealed that parents are more influential during a childs early youth; nevertheless they maintained that this influence lasts well beyond childhood. The authors also recognised that narrative accounts can often be overly positive or negative as subjects may demonstrate a degree of bias towards their parents. Nonetheless, Dixon et al (2008) believed that parents are one of the most powerful social agents for children. With this in mind a child will act in accordance with their parents beliefs about their potential successes, as they do not want to become a disappointment to them; thus they will place a similar, if not identical level of importance, upon success within that activity (Bois, Sarrazin, Brustad, Trouilloud, Cury, 2002). This study will seek to identify the links between the parent initiated motivational climate and the childs dispositional goal orientation. Waldron and Krane (2005) studied the motivational climate and goal orientation in adolescent female softball players, with particular reference to the development and maintenance of such goal orientations. Participants with an average age of 15 years completed the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda and Nicholls, 1992) and The Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PIMCQ (; White, Duda and Hart, 1992). Findings showed that children high in task orientation perceived their parents to be high in task orientation and children high in ego-orientation perceived their parents to be highly ego orientated. This is consistent with other studies results (White and Duda, 1996; Duda and Homs, 1993), after examining the relationship between goal orientation and the perceived parent-initiated motivational climate. Results reflected that children who were high in task orientation perceived their parents to prefer a climate where learning and enjoyment were mos t important. However, children high in ego orientation perceived their parents to favour a climate where success was associated with low levels of effort in the learning of physical skills. Importantly, it has been suggested that; the perception of a situation or motivational climate, rather than the actuality of the situation itself, should receive more attention in future research (Waldron Krane, 2005; White, 1998). Therefore the current study will aim to examine the perceptions of the motivational climate created by parents, as the influence of parents on athletes achievement behaviours has not been as widely studied as that of coaches (Waldron Krane, 2005). Stressors In addition to the obvious competition and sport specific stressors affecting athletes, another stressor that can affect youngsters is that of parental pressure (Maffulli, 2001). Hellstedt, (1990, 1995) and Scanlan, (1995); identified both positive and negative aspects of parental involvement. With regards to the positive aspects, parents were referred to as being the main source of encouragement, positive role models and providers of support (e.g. emotional, financial). However, parental support was also viewed at times to be negative, as, parents presented a source of stress through criticism of performance and financial blackmailing based on the financial investment made by them. Research has supported that unrealistically high parental expectations (such as pressure, criticism and those mentioned above); have been linked to lower enjoyment, less intrinsic motivation and more stress among young athletes (Lavoi and Stellino, 2008). Social Cognitive Perspective The predominant theory used to examine interpersonal influences on behaviour has been social cognitive theory (SCT). Banduras (1991) social coginitve theory contended that personal factors (e.g. moral reasoning), environmental factors (parental socialisation) and moral behaviours operate interactively in a recipricol way (Horn, 2008). According to SCT, there exists, three primary mechanisms of influence on childrens physical activity choices; these are, role modelling, social influence and social support processes (Welk, Wood and Morss, 2003). Role modelling has emerged from the research as the most commonly used source of parental influences on physical activity (Anderssen and Wold, 1992; Moore, Lombardi, White, Campbell, Olivera and Ellison, 1991), however the results are mixed, with some studies finding little or no link between parent and child activity habits (Biddle and Goudas, 1996; Garcia, Broda, Frenn, Coviak, Pender and Ronis, 1995). Despite the fact that it is reasonable to expect that parents who are active may be more likely to encourage their children to participate in physical activity than parents who are inactive (Sage, 1980; Seppanen, 1982); this topic has received little attention in recent times. Therefore, the current study will seek to establish the strength of the relationship between parent activity levels and sports participation, in correspondence to that of their children. Previous Research Measures Much of the previous research has used quantitative measures of study to collect results, therefore the current study will focus on qualitative measures (i.e., interviews) as they offer a more in-depth perspective (Gratton and Jones, 2004) and allow participants to expand and explain their answers to given questions. Through this data collection method it is hoped that the quality of data will be greater as the interviewer can use probes to guide the interviewee to specific answers, allowing for increased precision of responses (REF). From the literature reviewed, it is clear that the motivational climates created by significant others play a vital role in influencing youngsters attitudes and choices towards physical activity and sport (White, 1998). Therefore, predictions can be drawn that parental task orientated climates will predict athletes task orientation whereas parental ego orientated climates will predict athletes ego orientation. Need concluding para with summary of aims and hypothesise (if appropriate)

The Communication Decency Act: The Fight For Freedom of Speech on the Internet :: essays research papers

The Communication Decency Act: The Fight For Freedom of Speech on the Internet The Communication Decency Act is a bill which has insulted our right as American citizens. It a bill which SHOULD not pass. I'll share with you how Internet users are reacting to this bill, and why they say it is unconstitutional. Some individuals disagree with one part of the bill. According to http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ query/z?c104:s.652.enr:, which has the Communications Decency Act on-line for public viewing,: "Whoever uses an Internet service to send to a person or persons under 18 years of age......any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image,........or anything offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs.....shall be fined $250,000 if the person(s) is/are under 18....... imprisoned not more than two years.......or both." The wording of that section seems sensible. However, if this one little paragraph is approved, many sites such as the: Venus de Milo site located at: http://www.paris.org/Musees/Louvre/Treasures/gifs/venusdemilo.gif; the Sistine Chapel at: http://www.oir.ucf.edu/wm/paint/auth/michelangelo/michelangelo.creation and Michelangelo's David @ http://fileroom.aaup.uic.edu/FileRoom/images/image201.gif could not be accessed and used by anybody under the age of 18. These works of art and many other museum pictures would not be available. The bill says these sites show indecent pictures. The next part of the CDA has everybody in a big legal fit. We, concerned Internet users, took the writers of this bill to court, and we won. This part of the bill states: "Whoever....makes, creates, or solicits...........any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or other communication which is obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, or indecent.......with intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass another person......by means of an Internet page..........shall be fined $250,000 under title 18......imprisoned not more than two years....or both......" The writer of that paragraph of the bill forgot something. It violates the constitution. The First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law....prohibiting or abridging the freedom of speech......the right of the people peaceably to assemble.....and to petition the Government.............." This bill does exactly that. It says we cannot express our feelings cleanly. I understand that what may be of interest to me, may be offensive to others. Many people put up warning signs on their websites stating, "This site may contain offensive material. If you are easily offended you may not want to come here." If the writers of this bill would have listed that as a requirement there would have been no trouble. Here is the way I look at it. I think that some things should be censored on the Internet. Child pornography, for instance, is already illegal, so it follows that it should also be illegal on the Internet. Besides, psychologically, it damages the children involved. Something else that should be banned from the Internet are "hacker"